Essential Guide to Air Guns in the UK: 15 + 2 Critical Things To Know

Updated: 5 November 2024

Reading time: 10 minutes

Join us as we delve into the top 17 things you need to know about air guns in the UK, clarifying licensing, hunting permissions, and the key factors that ensure safe and enjoyable air gun ownership.

Top 17 Questions About Air Guns in the UK

Discover the top 15 questions about air guns in the UK, from power limits to hunting permissions. Get clarity on air gun ownership laws:

1. Is it legal to shoot an air gun in my back garden in the UK? 

Yes, it is legal to shoot air guns in your back garden in the UK, provided that you take the necessary precautions to ensure safety and prevent any pellets from leaving your property.   

Here are the key points to remember:

• Safety First: Always ensure the safety of yourself, others, and any nearby property. Set up a suitable backstop to prevent pellets from escaping your garden, and make sure no one is in the line of fire.   
• Pellet Containment: It is an offence to fire a pellet beyond the boundaries of your premises. Make sure your backstop is adequate to stop all pellets, and consider the trajectory of ricochets as well.   
• Nuisance: Avoid causing a nuisance to your neighbours with excessive noise or by shooting at inappropriate times. Be considerate and communicate with them if you plan to shoot regularly.

• Age Restrictions: If you are under 18, you must be supervised by someone over 21 when shooting an airgun.

Important Note: Even if you are shooting within the legal limits, if your actions cause alarm or distress to others or endanger public safety, you could still face legal consequences.

Remember, responsible and safe airgun use is essential to ensure you can enjoy this hobby without any legal issues or causing problems for others.

Video: What You Can Shoot In Your Garden

2. How powerful can air guns in the UK legally be?

In the UK, the maximum legal power for an air rifle without requiring a Firearms Certificate is 12 foot-pounds (ft-lbs) of muzzle energy. This translates to approximately 16.27 joules.

If an air rifle exceeds this limit, it is classified under the same regulations as a firearm and necessitates the same legal paperwork and safekeeping as a conventional firearm.

For air pistols, the legal limit is lower at 6 foot-pounds (approximately 8.13 joules). Air pistols exceeding this limit are prohibited.

Remember that these are the legal limits, and many air rifles are manufactured to produce slightly less power (around 11 ft-lbs) to ensure they stay within the legal limit even with slight variations due to pellet choice or other factors.

It’s important to be aware of and adhere to these power limits to avoid legal repercussions.

Video: 12 ft / lbs Explained

Air rifles are used for various activities, including target shooting and pest control. Still, users must ensure that their air rifles comply with this legal standard to avoid penalties, including fines and imprisonment.

3. Can I shoot my air rifle in the woods in the UK? 

No, you cannot simply shoot your air rifle in any woods in the UK. You must have explicit permission from the landowner to shoot on their land.   

This is true even if the woods appear to be public or accessible. Most woodlands in the UK are privately owned, and shooting without permission is considered trespassing, which can lead to legal consequences.   

Furthermore, even with permission, you must adhere to other legal requirements, such as:

• Pellet Containment: Ensure that no pellets leave the boundaries of the land you have permission to shoot on.
• Public Safety: Stay at least 50 feet away from the center of any public right of way to avoid endangering the public.
• Nuisance: Avoid causing a nuisance to others with excessive noise or by shooting at inappropriate times.

Key takeaways:

• Always seek and obtain explicit permission from the landowner before shooting in any woods.
• Be aware of and adhere to all other legal requirements regarding air rifle use.
• Prioritize safety and respect for others and the environment.

Remember, responsible and safe airgun use is essential to ensure you can enjoy your hobby without any legal issues or causing problems for others.

4. Can I shoot pigeons or other animals legally shoot with air guns in the UK? 

Yes, you can legally shoot certain species of birds and animals in the UK with an airgun, but only under specific conditions and adhering to strict regulations, such as the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981

Birds:

• Pigeons: You can legally shoot Feral Pigeons and Woodpigeons under the general licence for the prevention of serious damage to crops or foodstuffs for livestock.   
• Other Birds: There are a few other bird species you can shoot under specific general licences, including crows, magpies, jays, and some invasive species like Canada Geese. It’s essential to familiarize yourself with the exact conditions of these licences, as they often have specific requirements regarding location, time of year, and reason for shooting.

Animals:

• Grey Squirrels, Rabbits, Rats, Mice, and Mink: You can shoot these animals on private land with the landowner’s permission, as long as you adhere to the general conditions of the relevant licences.

Important considerations:

• General Licences: You must comply with all the conditions outlined in the relevant general licence for the species you intend to shoot.
• Landowner’s Permission: You must have explicit permission from the landowner to shoot on their land.
• Safety & Nuisance: Always prioritize safety and avoid causing a nuisance to others. Make sure your backstop is adequate, and no pellets leave your property.
• Animal Welfare: Ensure a clean and humane kill. If you’re unsure of your ability to do so, seek professional pest control services.

Remember:

• It’s illegal to shoot any other bird or animal species not explicitly listed in the relevant general licences.
• Always double-check the current regulations and licence conditions before shooting any animal with an airgun.
• If you’re unsure about any aspect of the legality or ethics of shooting a specific animal, seek advice from a qualified source, such as a pest control professional or a legal expert.

5. Do I need legal permission for air guns in the UK? 

6. Can I legally shoot foxes with an air rifle in the UK? 

In short: no, you are legally not allowed to shoot foxes with an air rifle or another air gun in the UK, because it does not guarantee a “humane” kill. The 12 ft-lbs energy limit the power of most air rifles is insufficient to ensure a humane kill, which is a legal requirement according to the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 in the UK.

Section 11(2) of this act makes it illegal to cause unnecessary suffering to any wild animal, which includes foxes. Shooting foxes with an air rifle or air gun often results in insufficient power to ensure a humane kill, which can lead to unnecessary suffering and thus be in violation of this act.

Additionally, Section 1 of the Firearms Act 1968 regulates the use of air rifles, including the power limits, which in this case, restrict the energy limit to 12 ft-lbs, making most air rifles unsuitable for humanely killing a fox.

In cases where pest control is necessary, landowners are urged to seek professional pest control services that use appropriate methods to deal with foxes. While air rifles can be used for vermin control, they should only be used against species where a humane kill is guaranteed with the power of the air rifle being used.

7. What is the most lethal air rifle?

8. Do I need a license for a .25 air rifle in the UK? 

Yes, in the UK, you need a Firearms Certificate (FAC) for a .25 air rifle.

This is because the .25 caliber is capable of exceeding the legal limit of 12 foot-pounds of muzzle energy for air rifles without a license.

While some .25 air rifles might be manufactured to stay within the 12 ft-lbs limit, it’s generally assumed that a .25 caliber air rifle will exceed this limit, thus necessitating an FAC.

Remember:

• It’s illegal to possess or use an air rifle above the 12 ft-lbs limit without a valid FAC.   
• Acquiring an FAC involves an application process that includes background checks and demonstrating a good reason for needing a more powerful air rifle.   

If you are interested in owning a .25 caliber air rifle in the UK, make sure to research and complete the FAC application process beforehand.

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9. What guns can I own without a license in the UK? 

In the UK, the primary types of guns you can own without a license are:

1. Air Rifles & Air Pistols:

   • Muzzle Energy Limit:
     • Air Rifles: Up to 12 foot-pounds (ft-lbs)
     • Air Pistols: Up to 6 ft-lbs
   • Age Requirement: 18 years or older
   • Exception – Scotland: In Scotland, you need an Air Weapon Certificate (AWC) to own any air weapon with a muzzle energy above 1 joule.

2. Antique Firearms:

   • Definition: Firearms that are considered obsolete and for which ammunition is no longer readily available.
   • Requirements: There are no specific age or licensing requirements, but you must ensure that the firearm is genuinely antique and not readily convertible to fire modern ammunition.

Important Notes:

• Even if you own an air rifle or antique firearm without a license, you still need permission from the landowner to shoot it on their property.
• You cannot carry an air rifle in public without a reasonable excuse (e.g., taking it to a shooting range or gunsmith).
• It’s essential to handle and store all firearms responsibly, even those that don’t require a license, to ensure safety.

Beyond these exceptions, any other type of firearm, including shotguns, rifles, and handguns, requires a license in the UK. The licensing process involves background checks, safety training, and demonstrating a good reason for needing the firearm.

10. How many joules of power is an air rifle legally allowed have in the UK? 

A legally permissible air rifle in the UK can have a maximum muzzle energy of 16.27 joules (or 12 ft-lbs). It’s a specific limit to classify which air guns can be owned without a Firearms Certificate. If an air rifle exceeds this energy limit, it’s categorized as a firearm and requires proper licensing. This energy cap is thought to balance the air rifle’s capability for sport and pest control and the safety of the shooter and the public.

11. Can I carry an air rifle in a bag in the UK? 

Yes, you can carry an air rifle in a bag in the UK, but there are important considerations to ensure you are doing so legally and safely.   

Legal Considerations:

• Age: You must be at least 18 years old to carry an air rifle in public.
• • Taking it to and from a shooting club or range.
  • Taking it to a gunsmith for repair or servicing.
  • Carrying it on private land with the landowner’s permission.
  • Using it for pest control or humane dispatch with the landowner’s permission.Reasonable Excuse: You need a “reasonable excuse” to carry an air rifle in a public place. Some acceptable reasons include:
• Secure Transportation: The air rifle should be unloaded, with the safety catch engaged, and preferably in a gun slip or case within the bag.

Safety Considerations:

• Concealment: The bag should not draw undue attention or suggest that you’re carrying a firearm. Avoid military-style bags or anything that might cause alarm.
• Handling: Be mindful of how you handle the bag to avoid drawing attention or causing any concern to others.
• Public Transport: Some public transport operators may have their own rules about carrying firearms, even air rifles. Check with the operator beforehand.

Remember:

• Carrying an air rifle in public without a reasonable excuse can be considered an offence.   
• You must avoid causing alarm or distress to others while carrying an air rifle.
• If stopped by the police, cooperate fully and explain your reasonable excuse for carrying the air rifle.

By following these guidelines, you can safely and legally carry your air rifle in a bag in the UK.

Video: How to Pick a Gun Bag

12. What is the legal FPS for a pellet gun in the UK? 

There isn’t a specific legal FPS (feet per second) limit for pellet guns in the UK. Instead, the law focuses on the muzzle energy, which is measured in foot-pounds (ft-lbs).

• For air rifles, the legal limit without a Firearms Certificate (FAC) is 12 ft-lbs.
• For air pistols, the limit is 6 ft-lbs.   

The FPS will vary depending on the pellet’s weight. A heavier pellet will travel slower but still carry the same energy as a lighter pellet traveling faster.  

To stay within the legal limit, you need to ensure that the combination of pellet weight and velocity doesn’t result in muzzle energy exceeding 12 ft-lbs for rifles or 6 ft-lbs for pistols.

Here are some general guidelines to give you an idea:

• .177 caliber (4.5mm):
  • 12 ft-lbs limit is roughly equivalent to 1000 FPS with a 7.9 grain pellet.
  • 6 ft-lbs limit is roughly equivalent to 700 FPS with a 7.9 grain pellet.
• .22 caliber (5.5mm):
  • 12 ft-lbs limit is roughly equivalent to 800 FPS with a 16 grain pellet.
  • 6 ft-lbs limit is roughly equivalent to 560 FPS with a 16 grain pellet.

It’s important to remember that these are just estimates. The actual FPS will depend on the specific pellet weight and the air rifle’s power output.

If you’re unsure whether your air rifle is within the legal limit, it’s best to use a chronograph to measure the actual muzzle velocity and calculate the muzzle energy. You can also consult with a reputable airgun retailer or gunsmith for advice.

13. How far will a .22 air rifle shoot? 

A .22 air rifle’s effective range and maximum range depend on several factors, including the rifle’s power, the pellet’s weight and design, weather conditions, and the shooter’s skill.   

Effective Range:

• Typically: 45-50 yards. This is the distance at which most shooters can consistently hit a target with reasonable accuracy, and the pellet retains enough energy for humane dispatch of small game.   
• With skill and the right equipment: Up to 60 yards. Experienced shooters using high-quality pellets and a well-tuned rifle can extend the effective range.

Maximum Range:

• Up to 400 yards: This is the theoretical maximum distance a .22 pellet can travel before falling to the ground, but it’s important to understand that:
  • Accuracy at this distance is extremely difficult, if not impossible, for most shooters.
  • The pellet will lose significant energy and may not be lethal or cause a humane kill at such long distances.
  • Safety becomes a major concern, as it’s difficult to control where the pellet will land at these distances.

It’s crucial to remember:

• Always prioritize safety and responsible shooting practices.
• Only shoot within your effective range to ensure accuracy and humane dispatch of any quarry.
• Never shoot at targets you cannot clearly identify or if there’s any risk of the pellet traveling beyond your control.

Video: How Far Will a 22 Air Rifle Pellet Travel?

14. Can you shoot deer with an air rifle in the UK? 

15. How many rounds does it take to break in an air rifle? 

The typical recommendation for breaking in a new spring or gas piston air rifle is around 150-200 rounds. However, the exact number can vary depending on the specific rifle and its manufacturer’s recommendations. Some rifles might settle in faster, while others might require a few more shots.

During the break-in period, the primary goal is to allow the moving parts, particularly the spring or gas piston, and the seals to settle and function smoothly. Don’t worry too much about accuracy during this phase; focus on consistent shooting to help the rifle “wear in.”

Important tips for the break-in process:

• Use inexpensive pellets: Since you won’t be focusing on accuracy, it’s a good idea to use less expensive pellets during the break-in period.
• Tighten stock screws regularly: The vibrations from shooting can loosen the stock screws. Make sure to check and tighten them periodically, especially during the initial break-in phase.
• Clean the barrel: After the break-in, ensure the barrel is clean and free of any debris or lead residue.

Once you’ve completed the break-in process, you can start fine-tuning your sights or scope and experimenting with different pellets to find the most accurate combination for your rifle.

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16. How accurate are air rifles? 

Air rifles can be surprisingly accurate, capable of producing tight groups at impressive distances. However, their accuracy depends on several factors, including:   

1. Rifle Quality and Design:

• Barrel: A high-quality barrel with precise machining and rifling plays a crucial role in pellet stability and accuracy.   
• Trigger: A smooth and predictable trigger allows for consistent shot placement without disturbing the rifle’s aim.   
• Stock: A well-designed stock provides a comfortable and stable platform for shooting, further enhancing accuracy.

2. Pellet Selection:

• Weight and shape: Different pellet weights and shapes will perform differently in each air rifle. Experimenting with various options helps identify the most accurate pellet for your rifle.   
• Quality: High-quality pellets with consistent manufacturing tolerances improve accuracy by minimizing inconsistencies in flight.

3. Shooter Skill:

• Technique: Proper shooting techniques, such as breath control, trigger pull, and follow-through, are essential for maximizing accuracy.   
• Experience: The more you shoot, the better your understanding of your rifle and the more consistent your accuracy will become.   

4. External Factors:

• Wind: Wind can significantly affect pellet flight, particularly at longer distances. Experienced shooters learn to compensate for wind drift.   
• Temperature: Extreme temperatures can affect air pressure and pellet velocity, potentially impacting accuracy.   

General Accuracy Expectations:

• High-quality PCP rifles: Sub-MOA (minute of angle) accuracy is achievable at 50 yards or more, meaning groups under 1/2 inch at that distance.
• Mid-range springer and gas piston rifles: 1-inch groups at 30 yards are common, with some capable of tighter groups with the right pellets and shooter skill.
• Budget or less powerful rifles: Groups around 2 inches at 25 yards might be more realistic.

Remember:

• Accuracy is a combination of rifle quality, pellet selection, shooter skill, and environmental conditions.
• With the right equipment and practice, air rifles can deliver impressive accuracy, even at long distances.   
• Always prioritise safety when shooting, and ensure you’re shooting within your capabilities and the limitations of your equipment.

Video: How Accurate Are Air Rifles

17. How long do air rifles last?

Air rifles, particularly well-maintained ones from reputable manufacturers, can last for many years, even decades. However, their longevity depends on various factors:

Type of Air Rifle

• Spring-piston: With proper care, these rifles can last 20-30 years or more. The main wear and tear occur on the spring, which might need replacement after several thousand shots.
• Gas-piston: Similar to springers, but the gas ram tends to have a longer lifespan and requires less maintenance. You can expect a lifespan of 20+ years.
• PCP (Pre-Charged Pneumatic): Known for their longevity, PCP rifles can easily last 20-30 years or longer. The key is to maintain the seals and O-rings, which might need periodic replacement.   

Factors Affecting Lifespan

• Quality of materials and construction: Higher-quality rifles, built with durable materials and precision engineering, tend to last longer.
• Frequency of use: The more frequently you shoot your air rifle, the faster its components will wear out. However, occasional use can also lead to seals drying out and causing leaks.
• Maintenance: Regular cleaning, lubrication, and proper storage can significantly extend the lifespan of an air rifle.  
• Shooting habits: Harsh handling, dry firing, and using incorrect pellets can cause premature wear and damage.

Signs of Wear and Tear

• Decreased accuracy: If your air rifle’s accuracy starts to decline, it could be a sign of wear and tear in the barrel, seals, or other components.
• Loss of power: A drop in power or muzzle velocity could indicate problems with the spring, gas ram, or seals.
• Leaks: Air leaks are a common issue, especially in PCP rifles. Regular checks and maintenance can help prevent this.   

In conclusion:

With proper care and maintenance, most air rifles can provide many years of enjoyable shooting. If you invest in a quality rifle and treat it well, it could even become a cherished heirloom passed down through generations.

Video: Gun Care & Maintenance

Summing Up

Learning the ins and outs of air guns in the UK opens up a world of sport and pest control with a strong emphasis on safety and respect for the law.

Understanding the legal limits, licensing requirements, and proper handling techniques is crucial for enjoying the benefits of air gun ownership while ensuring your own safety and that of others. By following these guidelines, you can embark on your air gun journey confidently and responsibly, contributing to a thriving and responsible air gun community in the UK.

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